Sifat-sifat perpangkatan:
ap×aq=ap+q
apaq=ap−q
(ap)q=ap×q
ap×bp=(a×b)p
a−p=1ap
alogb+alogc=alog(b×c)
alogb−alogc=alog(bc)
alogb×blogc=alogc
alogb=1bloga
alogbd=d×alogb